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Ad-hoc queries allow users to request, in real time, information from the computer that is not available in periodic reports. Such answers are needed to expedite decision making. The system must be intelligent enough to understand what the user wants. Simple ad-hoc query systems are often based on menus. More intelligent systems use structured query language (SQL) and query-by-example approaches, which are described in Technology Guide 3. The most intelligent systems are based on natural language understanding ( 12) and some can communicate with users using voice recognition. Later on we will describe the use of Web tools to facilitate queries. Quering systems are frequently combined with reporting systems that generate routine reports. For an example of such a combination in a radio rental store see Amato-McCoy, 2003. For Web-based information discovery tools see Online File W11.5.

Many of these applications might decide to store the information received in one or more relational tables A Web Service that accepts sales order information from customers is one such example The Web Service might send the order information to a stored procedure that stores the information in a set of relational tables Applications that run on SQL Server versions prior to 2000 do the XML parsing at the application layer They parse XML documents and extract the required values, which are then sent to the database as parameters Applications that deal with a variable number of values (like sales orders) either call the stored procedure once for each line (which is very bad for performance) or pass all the information in a single stored procedure call as a delimited string (which adds considerable string parsing overhead at the stored procedure level).

The next block in the diagram is the Post x con guration les. The con guration les contain information that the Post x programs use when processing messages. Unlike some other MTA programs, it s possible to change con guration information while the Post x server is running and issue a command to have Post x load the new information without completely downing the mail server. There are three Post x con guration les, which are located in a common Post x directory. Often the default location for this directory is /etc/postfix. Usually, all users have access to view the con guration les, whereas only the root user has the ability to change values within the les. Of course, this can be modi ed for your own security situation. Table 26-5 lists the Post x con guration les. The install.cf con guration le allows you to retrieve installation parameters that were used when the Post x software was rst installed on the system. This provides an easy way to determine which features are or aren t available in the software setup. The master.cf con guration le controls the behavior of the core Post x programs. Each program is listed in a separate line along with the parameters to control its operation. Here s a sample master.cf le with default settings.

1)uIX)

Microsoft shipped SQL Server 2000 with a very powerful XML processing function, OPENXML(), that is capable of shredding an XML document into a result set Applications that run on SQL Server 2000 could pass entire XML documents to a SQL Server stored procedure without bothering to parse the XML document at the application layer Applications that deal with a variable number of parameters, like sales or purchase orders, could make use of this XML processing capability of SQL Server and send all the information in an XML document with a single stored procedure call A typical call to OPENXML() includes a system stored procedure call to prepare an XML document handle, a call to OPENXML() to retrieve the result set, and another call to a system stored procedure to release the document handle.

Because of this speci c requirement a system stored procedure call before and after the OPENXML() call OPENXML() can neither be called from a function nor used in a set-based operation For example, to read information from an XML formatted string stored in a SQL Server column, a WHILE loop is required, because OPENXML() can process only one XML document at a time Before and after processing each document, calls to system stored procedures to initialize and release the document handle are necessary SQL Server 2005 introduced the native XML data type An XML data type can store a complete XML document or a fragment The XML data type supports XQuery, a language designed to query XML documents The introduction of XQuery made querying information from XML documents much easier.